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Bassiakou, E., Xanthos, T., Papadimitriou, L., 2009. The potential beneficial effects of beta adrenergic blockade in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation. European Journal of Pharmacology 616, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.019
Benito, S., Hadley, S., Camprubí-Camprubí, M., Sanchez-de-Toledo, J., 2021. Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/61874
Booth, D., 2011. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics - 2nd Edition [WWW Document]. URL https://shop.elsevier.com/books/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/boothe/978-0-7216-0555-5 (accessed 1.24.24).
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Buckley, G.J., DeCubellis, J., Sharp, C.R., Rozanski, E.A., 2011. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Hospitalized Rabbits: 15 cases. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Zoonotic Diseases 20, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.010
Comolli, J., Schnellbacher, R., Beaufrere, H., Blas-Machado, U., Quandt, J., Mayer, J., Divers, S.J., 2020. Comparison of endoscopic endotracheal intubation and the v-gel supraglottic airway device for spontaneously ventilating New Zealand white rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Vet Rec 187, e84. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105746
Costello, M.F., 2004. Principles of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in special species. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Emergency Medicine 13, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2004.03.003
DeWitt, E.S., Black, K.J., Thiagarajan, R.R., DiNardo, J.A., Colan, S.D., McGowan, F.X., Kheir, J.N., 2016. Effects of commonly used inotropes on myocardial function and oxygen consumption under constant ventricular loading conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2016
Di Girolamo, N., Toth, G., Selleri, P., 2016. Prognostic value of rectal temperature at hospital admission in client-owned rabbits. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 248, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.248.3.288
Dion, G.R., Benedict, P.A., Amin, M.R., Branski, R.C., 2018. Morbidity and mortality associated with preclinical tracheostomy models. Laryngoscope 128, E68–E71. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26878
Downing, S.E., Chen, V., 1985. Myocardial injury following endogenous catecholamine release in rabbits. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 17, 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2828(85)80137-1
EMC, 2024a. Dilute Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection 1:10,000 (ampoules) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document]. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3675/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
EMC, 2024b. Adrenaline Injection BP 1/1000 (1mg/1ml) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document]. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6595/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
EMC, 2024c. Adrenaline 1 mg/10 ml (1:10,000), solution for injection in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document]. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2024/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
EMC, 2024d. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection BP 1 in 1000 - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document]. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6284/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
EMC, 2024e. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) 1mg/ml (1:1000) solution for injection (ampoule) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document]. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3673/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Engbers, S., Larkin, A., Rousset, N., Prebble, M., Jonnalagadda, M., Knight, C.G., Pang, D.S.J., 2017. Comparison of a Supraglottic Airway Device (v-gel®) with Blind Orotracheal Intubation in Rabbits. Front Vet Sci 4, 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00049
Farzam, K., Kidron, A., Lakhkar, A.D., 2024. Adrenergic Drugs, in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).
Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., Brainard, B.M., Haskins, S.C., Hopper, K., McMichael, M.A., Rozanski, E.A., Rush, J.E., Smarick, S.D., American College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 7: Clinical guidelines. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S102-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00757.x
Fusco, A., Douglas, H., Barba, A., Hopster, K., Stefanovski, D., Sinder, B., Cahill, P.J., Snyder, B., Schaer, T.P., 2021. V-Gel® Guided Endotracheal Intubation in Rabbits. Front Vet Sci 8, 684624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.684624
Graham, J., Mader, D.R., 2012. Chapter 13 - Basic Approach to Veterinary Care, in: Quesenberry, K.E., Carpenter, J.W. (Eds.), Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents (Third Edition). W.B. Saunders, Saint Louis, pp. 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-6621-7.00013-0
Hall, N.H., 2023. Cerebro-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Postarrest Care in Exotic Animal Critical Care. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 26, 737–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2023.05.010
Harcourt-Brown, F., 2002. The rabbit consultation and clinical techniques. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine 52–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075064002-2.50006-0
Harrison, P.K., Tattersall, J.E.H., Gosden, E., 2006. The presence of atropinesterase activity in animal plasma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 373, 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-006-0054-5
Harvey, M., Cave, G., Prince, G., Lahner, D., 2010. Epinephrine injection in lipid-based resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest: transient circulatory return in rabbits. Anesth Analg 111, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e66050
Hopper, K., Epstein, S.E., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., Authors, the R.B.L.S.D.W., 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 3: Basic life support. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22, S26–S43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00753.x
Huynh, M., Boyeaux, A., Pignon, C., 2016. Assessment and Care of the Critically Ill Rabbit. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 19, 379–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.011
Kii, N., Adachi, N., Yorozuya, T., Nagaro, T., Arai, T., 2004. Suppression of endogenous catecholamine release by anesthetics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rabbit. Can J Anaesth 51, 404–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018255
Kohlhauer, M., Darbera, L., Lidouren, F., Chenoune, M., Ghaleh, B., Vivien, B., Carli, P., Dabire, H., Berdeaux, A., Tissier, R., 2014. Comparative effect of hypothermia and adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits. Shock 41, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000083
Kondo, D., Asano, N., Ishiyama, T., Shintani, N., Matsukawa, T., 2022. Effects of adrenaline and vasopressin on cerebral microcirculation at baseline and during global brain ischemia and reperfusion in rabbits. BMC Anesthesiol 22, 380. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-022-01926-9
Lichtenberger, M., 2007. Shock and Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation in Small Mammals and Birds. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Emergency and Critical Care 10, 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.02.001
Lichtenberger, M., 2004. Principles of shock and fluid therapy in special species. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Emergency Medicine 13, 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2004.03.004
Liebenberg, S.P., Linn, J.M., 1980. Seasonal and sexual influences on rabbit atropinesterase. Lab Anim 14, 297–300. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367780781071012
Long, B., Koyfman, A., 2017. Emergency Medicine Myths: Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest. J Emerg Med 52, 809–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.12.020
Maddison, G., 2008. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: 2nd edition | Edited by Jill E. Maddison | ISBN: 9780702037252 [WWW Document]. Elsevier Asia Bookstore. URL https://www.asia.elsevierhealth.com/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-e-book-9780702037252.html (accessed 1.23.24).
Olson, M.E., Vizzutti, D., Morck, D.W., Cox, A.K., 1994. The parasympatholytic effects of atropine sulfate and glycopyrrolate in rats and rabbits. Can J Vet Res 58, 254–258.
Onuma, M., KONDO, H., ONO, S., MURAKAMI, A., HARADA, T., SANO, T., 2017. Retrospective investigation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome in 146 exotic animals. J Vet Med Sci 79, 1611–1614. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0360
Oyebola, P.D.D.O., 2011. Effect of adrenaline on glucose uptake in the rabbit small intestine. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 40, 225–233.
Pachtinger, G., 2013. Monitoring of the Emergent Small Animal Patient. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 43, 705–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.014
Paul-Murphy, J., 2007. Critical Care of the Rabbit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Emergency and Critical Care 10, 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.03.002
Paul-Murphy, J., Ramer, J.C., 1998. Urgent care of the pet rabbit. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1, 127–152, vi–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30158-5
Plumb, 2024. Epinephrine [WWW Document]. URL https://app.plumbs.com/drug/yTTIqZPq6HPROD?source=search&searchQuery=epineph&section=doses (accessed 1.23.24).
Plunkett, S.J., McMichael, M., 2008. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in small animal medicine: an update. J Vet Intern Med 22, 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0033.x
PubChem, 2024. Epinephrine [WWW Document]. URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5816 (accessed 2.24.24).
Quesenberry, K.E. (Ed.), 2021. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery, Fourth edition. ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri.
Rozanski, E.A., Rush, J.E., Buckley, G.J., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., RECOVER Advanced Life Support Domain Worksheet Authors, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 4: Advanced life support. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S44-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00755.x
Schnellbacher, R., Olson, E.E., Mayer, J., 2012. Emergency Presentations Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Exotic Herbivores. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Emergency Presentation of Exotic Mammal Herbivores 21, 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2012.09.007
Towell, M.E., Lysak, I., Layne, E.C., Sayler, D., Bessman, S.P., 1981. The effect of epinephrine on blood and tissue PO2 in the rabbit. Circ Shock 8, 123–130.
Uzun, M., Kiraz, H.A., Ovali, M.A., Sahin, H., Erbas, M., Toman, H., 2015. The investigation of airway management capacity of v-gel and cobra-PLA in anaesthetised rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 30, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502015001000011
Varga-Smith, M., 2022. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine - 9780702084034 | Elsevier Health [WWW Document]. Elsevier UK. URL https://www.uk.elsevierhealth.com/textbook-of-rabbit-medicine-9780702084034.html (accessed 1.23.24).
WHO, 2024. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index [WWW Document]. URL https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ (accessed 2.24.24).

1 Species-Specific Evidence Review

Buckley, G.J., DeCubellis, J., Sharp, C.R., Rozanski, E.A., 2011. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Hospitalized Rabbits: 15 cases. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Zoonotic Diseases 20, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.010
Harvey, M., Cave, G., Prince, G., Lahner, D., 2010. Epinephrine injection in lipid-based resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest: transient circulatory return in rabbits. Anesth Analg 111, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e66050
Kohlhauer, M., Darbera, L., Lidouren, F., Chenoune, M., Ghaleh, B., Vivien, B., Carli, P., Dabire, H., Berdeaux, A., Tissier, R., 2014. Comparative effect of hypothermia and adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits. Shock 41, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000083
Paul-Murphy, J., 2007. Critical Care of the Rabbit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Emergency and Critical Care 10, 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.03.002

2 Condition-Specific Evidence Review

Barter, L.S., Epstein, S.E., 2014. Comparison of Doppler, oscillometric, auricular and carotid arterial blood pressure measurements in isoflurane anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 41, 393–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12131
Bassiakou, E., Xanthos, T., Papadimitriou, L., 2009. The potential beneficial effects of beta adrenergic blockade in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation. European Journal of Pharmacology 616, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.019
Buckley, G.J., DeCubellis, J., Sharp, C.R., Rozanski, E.A., 2011. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Hospitalized Rabbits: 15 cases. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Zoonotic Diseases 20, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.010
Costello, M.F., 2004. Principles of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in special species. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Emergency Medicine 13, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2004.03.003
Di Girolamo, N., Toth, G., Selleri, P., 2016. Prognostic value of rectal temperature at hospital admission in client-owned rabbits. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 248, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.248.3.288
Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., Brainard, B.M., Haskins, S.C., Hopper, K., McMichael, M.A., Rozanski, E.A., Rush, J.E., Smarick, S.D., American College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 7: Clinical guidelines. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S102-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00757.x
Hall, N.H., 2023. Cerebro-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Postarrest Care in Exotic Animal Critical Care. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 26, 737–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2023.05.010
Harvey, M., Cave, G., Prince, G., Lahner, D., 2010. Epinephrine injection in lipid-based resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest: transient circulatory return in rabbits. Anesth Analg 111, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e66050
Hopper, K., Epstein, S.E., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., Authors, the R.B.L.S.D.W., 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 3: Basic life support. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22, S26–S43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00753.x
Huynh, M., Boyeaux, A., Pignon, C., 2016. Assessment and Care of the Critically Ill Rabbit. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 19, 379–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.011
Kohlhauer, M., Darbera, L., Lidouren, F., Chenoune, M., Ghaleh, B., Vivien, B., Carli, P., Dabire, H., Berdeaux, A., Tissier, R., 2014. Comparative effect of hypothermia and adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits. Shock 41, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000083
Lichtenberger, M., 2007. Shock and Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation in Small Mammals and Birds. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Emergency and Critical Care 10, 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.02.001
Lichtenberger, M., 2004. Principles of shock and fluid therapy in special species. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Emergency Medicine 13, 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2004.03.004
Olson, M.E., Vizzutti, D., Morck, D.W., Cox, A.K., 1994. The parasympatholytic effects of atropine sulfate and glycopyrrolate in rats and rabbits. Can J Vet Res 58, 254–258.
Onuma, M., KONDO, H., ONO, S., MURAKAMI, A., HARADA, T., SANO, T., 2017. Retrospective investigation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome in 146 exotic animals. J Vet Med Sci 79, 1611–1614. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0360
Pachtinger, G., 2013. Monitoring of the Emergent Small Animal Patient. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 43, 705–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.014
Paul-Murphy, J., 2007. Critical Care of the Rabbit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Emergency and Critical Care 10, 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.03.002
Paul-Murphy, J., Ramer, J.C., 1998. Urgent care of the pet rabbit. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1, 127–152, vi-vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30158-5
Plunkett, S.J., McMichael, M., 2008. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in small animal medicine: an update. J Vet Intern Med 22, 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0033.x
Rozanski, E.A., Rush, J.E., Buckley, G.J., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., RECOVER Advanced Life Support Domain Worksheet Authors, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 4: Advanced life support. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S44-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00755.x
Schnellbacher, R., Olson, E.E., Mayer, J., 2012. Emergency Presentations Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Exotic Herbivores. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Emergency Presentation of Exotic Mammal Herbivores 21, 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2012.09.007

3 Substance-Specific Evidence Review

Bassiakou, E., Xanthos, T., Papadimitriou, L., 2009. The potential beneficial effects of beta adrenergic blockade in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation. European Journal of Pharmacology 616, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.019
DeWitt, E.S., Black, K.J., Thiagarajan, R.R., DiNardo, J.A., Colan, S.D., McGowan, F.X., Kheir, J.N., 2016. Effects of commonly used inotropes on myocardial function and oxygen consumption under constant ventricular loading conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2016
Downing, S.E., Chen, V., 1985. Myocardial injury following endogenous catecholamine release in rabbits. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 17, 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2828(85)80137-1
Harvey, M., Cave, G., Prince, G., Lahner, D., 2010. Epinephrine injection in lipid-based resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest: transient circulatory return in rabbits. Anesth Analg 111, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e66050
Kii, N., Adachi, N., Yorozuya, T., Nagaro, T., Arai, T., 2004. Suppression of endogenous catecholamine release by anesthetics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rabbit. Can J Anaesth 51, 404–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018255
Oyebola, P.D.D.O., 2011. Effect of adrenaline on glucose uptake in the rabbit small intestine. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 40, 225–233.
Towell, M.E., Lysak, I., Layne, E.C., Sayler, D., Bessman, S.P., 1981. The effect of epinephrine on blood and tissue PO2 in the rabbit. Circ Shock 8, 123–130.
4 Efficacy Evidence Review
Buckley, G.J., DeCubellis, J., Sharp, C.R., Rozanski, E.A., 2011. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Hospitalized Rabbits: 15 cases. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Zoonotic Diseases 20, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.010
Harvey, M., Cave, G., Prince, G., Lahner, D., 2010. Epinephrine injection in lipid-based resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest: transient circulatory return in rabbits. Anesth Analg 111, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e66050
Kohlhauer, M., Darbera, L., Lidouren, F., Chenoune, M., Ghaleh, B., Vivien, B., Carli, P., Dabire, H., Berdeaux, A., Tissier, R., 2014. Comparative effect of hypothermia and adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits. Shock 41, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000083
Onuma, M., KONDO, H., ONO, S., MURAKAMI, A., HARADA, T., SANO, T., 2017. Retrospective investigation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome in 146 exotic animals. J Vet Med Sci 79, 1611–1614. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0360

4.0 Efficacy Review

Buckley, G.J., DeCubellis, J., Sharp, C.R., Rozanski, E.A., 2011. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Hospitalized Rabbits: 15 cases. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Zoonotic Diseases 20, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.010
Harvey, M., Cave, G., Prince, G., Lahner, D., 2010. Epinephrine injection in lipid-based resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest: transient circulatory return in rabbits. Anesth Analg 111, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e66050
Kii, N., Adachi, N., Yorozuya, T., Nagaro, T., Arai, T., 2004. Suppression of endogenous catecholamine release by anesthetics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rabbit. Can J Anaesth 51, 404–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018255
Kohlhauer, M., Darbera, L., Lidouren, F., Chenoune, M., Ghaleh, B., Vivien, B., Carli, P., Dabire, H., Berdeaux, A., Tissier, R., 2014. Comparative effect of hypothermia and adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits. Shock 41, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000083
Onuma, M., KONDO, H., ONO, S., MURAKAMI, A., HARADA, T., SANO, T., 2017. Retrospective investigation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome in 146 exotic animals. J Vet Med Sci 79, 1611–1614. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0360

5.0 Supplementary Evidence

5.1 UK SPC Links

Adrenaline 1 mg/10 ml (1:10,000), solution for injection in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2024/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) 1mg/ml (1:1000) solution for injection (ampoule) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (EMC) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3673/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection BP 1 in 1000 - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (EMC) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6284/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Adrenaline Injection BP 1/1000 (1mg/1ml) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (EMC) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6595/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Dilute Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection 1:10,000 (ampoules) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (EMC) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3675/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).

5.2 Additional Material Consulted

Booth, D., 2011. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics - 2nd Edition [WWW Document]. URL https://shop.elsevier.com/books/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/boothe/978-0-7216-0555-5 (accessed 1.24.24).
Maddison, G., 2008. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: 2nd edition | Edited by Jill E. Maddison | ISBN: 9780702037252 [WWW Document]. Elsevier Asia Bookstore. URL https://www.asia.elsevierhealth.com/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-e-book-9780702037252.html (accessed 1.23.24).
Plumb, 2024. Epinephrine [WWW Document]. URL https://app.plumbs.com/drug/yTTIqZPq6HPROD?source=search&searchQuery=epineph&section=doses (accessed 1.23.24).
PubChem, 2024. Epinephrine [WWW Document]. URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5816 (accessed 2.24.24).
WHO, 2024. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index [WWW Document]. URL https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ (accessed 2.24.24).

Clinical Pharmacology

Clinical Summary

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Precautions

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