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Butorphanol

Grade

Opiate Analgesia

Therapeutics

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Evidence

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 Rabbit Butorphanol Evidence Base

  1. Allweiler, S.I., 2016. How to Improve Anesthesia and Analgesia in Small Mammals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 19, 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.012

  2. Balko, J.A., Chinnadurai, S.K., 2017. Advancements in Evidence-Based Analgesia in Exotic Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 20, 899–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.013

  3. Barter, L.S., 2011. Rabbit analgesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 14, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.003

  4. Benato, L., Murrell, J.C., Blackwell, E.J., Saunders, R., Rooney, N., 2020. Analgesia in pet rabbits: a survey study on how pain is assessed and ameliorated by veterinary surgeons. Vet. Rec. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105071

  5. Benato, L., Rooney, N.J., Murrell, J.C., 2019. Pain and analgesia in pet rabbits within the veterinary environment: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg 46, 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2018.10.007

  6. Bradbury, A.G., Dickens, G.J.E., 2016. Appropriate handling of pet rabbits: a literature review. J Small Anim Pract 57, 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12549

  7. Bradley, M.P., Doerning, C.M., Nowland, M.H., Lester, P.A., 2019. Intramuscular Administration of Alfaxalone Alone and in Combination for Sedation and Anesthesia of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 58, 216–222. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000078

  8. Cantwell, S.L., 2001. Ferret, Rabbit, and Rodent Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Analgesia and Anesthesia 4, 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30056-7

  9. Coulter, C.A., Flecknell, P.A., Leach, M.C., Richardson, C.A., 2011. Reported analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing experimental surgical procedures. BMC Vet. Res. 7, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-7-12

  10. Farnworth, M.J., Walker, J.K., Schweizer, K.A., Chuang, C.-L., Guild, S.-J., Barrett, C.J., Leach, M.C., Waran, N.K., 2011. Potential behavioural indicators of post-operative pain in male laboratory rabbits following abdominal surgery. Animal Welfare 20, 225–237.

  11. Fisher, P.G., 2010. Standards of Care in the 21st Century: The Rabbit. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 19, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.01.004

  12. Flecknell, P., 2018. Analgesics in Small Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 21, 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.003

  13. Flecknell, P., 1991. Post-operative analgesia in rabbits and rodents. Lab animal (USA) 20, 34–37.

  14. Flecknell, P.A., Liles, J.H., Wootton, R., 1989. Reversal of fentanyl/fluanisone neuroleptanalgesia in the rabbit using mixed agonist/antagonist opioids. Lab. Anim. 23, 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367789780863655

  15. Foley, P.L., 2014. Current options for providing sustained analgesia to laboratory animals. Lab Anim (NY) 43, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.590

  16. Hampshire, V., Robertson, S., 2015. Using the facial grimace scale to evaluate rabbit wellness in post-procedural monitoring. Lab Anim 44, 259–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.806

  17. Hedenqvist, P., Orr, H., Roughan, J., Antunes, L., Flecknell, P., 2002. Anaesthesia with ketamine/medetomidine in the rabbit: influence of route of administration and the effect of combination with butorphanol. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 29, 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00058.x

  18. Hedenqvist, P., Trbakovic, A., Thor, A., Ley, C., Ekman, S., Jensen-Waern, M., 2016. Carprofen neither reduces postoperative facial expression scores in rabbits treated with buprenorphine nor alters long term bone formation after maxillary sinus grafting. Research in Veterinary Science 107, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.05.010

  19. Hillyer, E.V., 1994. Pet rabbits. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 24, 25–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(94)50002-0

  20. Hubbell, J.A., Muir, W.W., 1996a. Evaluation of a survey of the diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine on use of analgesic agents in animals used in biomedical research. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 209, 918–921.

  21. Hubbell, J.A., Muir, W.W., 1996b. Evaluation of a survey of the diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine on use of analgesic agents in animals used in biomedical research. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209, 918–921.

  22. Huynh, M., Boyeaux, A., Pignon, C., 2016. Assessment and Care of the Critically Ill Rabbit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 19, 379–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.011

  23. Ishikawa, Y., Sakata, H., Wei, Y., Oyama, N., Itami, T., Sano, T., Yamashita, K., 2019. The effect of transnasal administration of alfaxalone-butorphanol-medetomidine combination in rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 46, 831.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.08.021

  24. Keating, S.C.J., Thomas, A.A., Flecknell, P.A., Leach, M.C., 2012. Evaluation of EMLA cream for preventing pain during tattooing of rabbits: changes in physiological, behavioural and facial expression responses. PLoS ONE 7, e44437. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044437

  25. Keown, A.J., Farnworth, M.J., Adams, N.J., 2011. Attitudes towards perception and management of pain in rabbits and guinea pigs by a sample of veterinarians in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 59, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2011.609477

  26. Kirihara, Y., Takechi, M., Kurosaki, K., Matsuo, H., Kajitani, N., Saito, Y., 2019. Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol and antagonism by atipamezole in rabbits. Exp. Anim. 68, 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.18-0183

  27. Kohn, D.F., Martin, T.E., Foley, P.L., Morris, T.H., Swindle, M.M., Vogler, G.A., Wixson, S.K., 2007. Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Pain in Rodents and Rabbits. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 46, 12.

  28. Leach, M.C., Coulter, C.A., Richardson, C.A., Flecknell, P.A., 2011. Are We Looking in the Wrong Place? Implications for Behavioural-Based Pain Assessment in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) and Beyond? PLOS ONE 6, e13347. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013347

  29. Lennox, A.M., 2010. Care of the Geriatric Rabbit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Geriatrics 13, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2009.09.002

  30. Lichtenberger, M., Ko, J., 2007. Anesthesia and analgesia for small mammals and birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 10, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2006.12.002

  31. Marini, R.P., Avison, D.L., Corning, B.F., Lipman, N.S., 1992. Ketamine/xylazine/butorphanol: a new anesthetic combination for rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 42, 57–62.

  32. McLennan, K.M., Miller, A.L., Dalla Costa, E., Stucke, D., Corke, M.J., Broom, D.M., Leach, M.C., 2019. Conceptual and methodological issues relating to pain assessment in mammals: The development and utilisation of pain facial expression scales. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 217, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.06.001

  33. Ohta, S., Niwa, M., Nozaki, M., Hattori, M., Shimonaka, H., Dohi, S., 1995. [The mu, delta and kappa properties of various opioids]. Masui 44, 1228–1232.

  34. Ohya, M., Taguchi, H., Mima, M., Koumoto, K., Fukae, T., Uchida, M., 1993. [Effects of morphine, buprenorphine and butorphanol on airway dynamics of the rabbit]. Masui 42, 498–503.

  35. Paul-Murphy, J., 2007. Critical Care of the Rabbit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 10, 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.03.002

  36. Paul-Murphy, J., Ramer, J.C., 1998. Urgent care of the pet rabbit. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1, 127–152, vi–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30158-5

  37. Portnoy, L.G., Hustead, D.R., 1992. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53, 541–543.

  38. Raillard, M., Detotto, C., Grepper, S., Beslac, O., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Schaller, B., Saulacic, N., 2019. Anaesthetic and Perioperative Management of 14 Male New Zealand White Rabbits for Calvarial Bone Surgery. Animals (Basel) 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110896

  39. Santangelo, B., Micieli, F., Marino, F., Reynaud, F., Cassandro, P., Carfora, A., Petrella, R., Borriello, R., Cataldi, M., Vesce, G., 2016. Plasma concentrations and sedative effects of a dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combination after transnasal administration in healthy rabbits. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 39, 408–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12282

  40. Santangelo, Bruna, Micieli, F., Mozzillo, T., Reynaud, F., Marino, F., Auletta, L., Vesce, G., 2016. Transnasal administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol produces deep sedation in New Zealand White rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 43, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12278

  41. Schroeder, C.A., Smith, L.J., 2011. Respiratory rates and arterial blood-gas tensions in healthy rabbits given buprenorphine, butorphanol, midazolam, or their combinations. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 50, 205–211.

  42. Summa, N.M., Brandão, J., 2017. Evidence-Based Advances in Rabbit Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 20, 749–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.008

  43. Tacke, S., Gollwitzer, A., Grammel, L., Henke, J., 2017. [Pain therapy in small pets]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 45, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.15654/TPK-161188

  44. Turner, P.V., Kerr, C.L., Healy, A.J., Taylor, W.M., 2006. Effect of meloxicam and butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67, 770–774. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.5.770

  45. Weary, D.M., Niel, L., Flower, F.C., Fraser, D., 2006. Identifying and preventing pain in animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Sentience in Animals 100, 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.013

  46. Weaver, L.A., Blaze, C.A., Linder, D.E., Andrutis, K.A., Karas, A.Z., 2010. A model for clinical evaluation of perioperative analgesia in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 49, 845–851.

  47. Wenger, S., 2012. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rabbits and Rodents. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Clinical Anesthesia and Analgesia 21, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010

Expert Opinion

  1. 1317822 |  220719 Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.


Last Update 1317822 | 220723

Monograph Details

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