1. Fischak, C., Klaus, R., Werkmeister, R.M., Hohenadl, C., Prinz, M., Schmetterer, L., Garhöfer, G., 2017. Effect of Topically Administered Chitosan-N-acetylcysteine on Corneal Wound Healing in a Rabbit Model. J Ophthalmol 2017, 5192924. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5192924

2. Gujral, G.S., Askari, S.N., Ahmad, S., Zakir, S.M., Saluja, K., 2020. Topical vitamin C, vitamin E, and acetylcysteine as corneal wound healing agents: A comparative study. Indian J Ophthalmol 68, 2935–2939. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1463_20

3. Kopincová, J., Mokrá, D., Mikolka, P., Kolomazník, M., Čalkovská, A., 2014. N-acetylcysteine advancement of surfactant therapy in experimental meconium aspiration syndrome: possible mechanisms. Physiol Res 63, S629-642. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.932938

4. Lapenna, D., Ciofani, G., Lelli Chiesa, P., Porreca, E., 2020. Evidence for oxidative and not reductive stress in the aged rabbit heart. Exp Gerontol 134, 110871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.110871

5. Mikolka, P., Kopincova, J., Mikusiakova, L.T., Kosutova, P., Calkovska, A., Mokra, D., 2016. Antiinflammatory Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Combined with Exogenous Surfactant in Meconium-Induced Lung Injury. Adv Exp Med Biol 934, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_15

6. Mokra, D., Drgova, A., Mokry, J., Antosova, M., Durdik, P., Calkovska, A., 2015a. N-acetylcysteine effectively diminished meconium-induced oxidative stress in adult rabbits. J Physiol Pharmacol 66, 101–110.

7. Mokra, D., Drgova, A., Petras, M., Mokry, J., Antosova, M., Calkovska, A., 2015b. N-acetylcysteine alleviates the meconium-induced acute lung injury. Adv Exp Med Biol 832, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2014_7

8. Wu, X.-Y., Luo, A.-Y., Zhou, Y.-R., Ren, J.-H., 2014. N-acetylcysteine reduces oxidative stress, nuclear factor‑κB activity and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in heart failure. Mol Med Rep 10, 615–624. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2292

Mucolytic

1. Kopincová, J., Mokrá, D., Mikolka, P., Kolomazník, M., Čalkovská, A., 2014. N-acetylcysteine advancement of surfactant therapy in experimental meconium aspiration syndrome: possible mechanisms. Physiol Res 63, S629-642. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.932938

2. Mikolka, P., Kopincova, J., Mikusiakova, L.T., Kosutova, P., Calkovska, A., Mokra, D., 2016. Antiinflammatory Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Combined with Exogenous Surfactant in Meconium-Induced Lung Injury. Adv Exp Med Biol 934, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_15

Nebulisation |  Instillation

1. DiBlasi, R.M., Micheletti, K.J., Zimmerman, J.D., Poli, J.A., Fink, J.B., Kajimoto, M., 2021. Physiologic Effects of Instilled and Aerosolized Surfactant Using a Breath-Synchronized Nebulizer on Surfactant-Deficient Rabbits. Pharmaceutics 13, 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101580

2. Dijk, P.H., Heikamp, A., Oetomo, S.B., 1998. Surfactant nebulization versus instillation during high frequency ventilation in surfactant-deficient rabbits. Pediatr Res 44, 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199811000-00012

3. Dijk, P.H., Heikamp, A., Piers, D.A., Weller, E., Bambang Oetomo, S., 1997. Surfactant nebulisation: safety, efficiency and influence on surface lowering properties and biochemical composition. Intensive Care Med 23, 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340050358

4. Ellyett, K.M., Broadbent, R.S., Fawcett, E.R., Campbell, A.J., 1996. Surfactant aerosol treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in the spontaneously breathing premature rabbit. Pediatr Res 39, 953–957. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199606000-00005

5. Fajardo, C., Levin, D., Garcia, M., Abrams, D., Adamson, I., 1998. Surfactant versus saline as a vehicle for corticosteroid delivery to the lungs of ventilated rabbits. Pediatr Res 43, 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199804000-00018

6. Flavin, M., MacDonald, M., Dolovich, M., Coates, G., O’Brodovich, H., 1986. Aerosol delivery to the rabbit lung with an infant ventilator. Pediatr Pulmonol 2, 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.1950020110

7. Fok, T.F., al-Essa, M., Dolovich, M., Rasid, F., Kirpalani, H., 1998. Nebulisation of surfactants in an animal model of neonatal respiratory distress. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 78, F3-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.78.1.f3

8. John, E., Ermocilla, R., Golden, J., Cash, R., McDevitt, M., Cassady, G., 1980. Effects of gas temperature and particulate water on rabbit lungs during ventilation. Pediatr Res 14, 1186–1191. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198011000-00007

9. Koten, M., Uzun, C., Yagiz, R., Adali, M.K., Karasalihoglu, A.R., Tatman-Otkun, M., Altaner, S., 2001. Nebulized surfactant as a treatment choice for otitis media with effusion: an experimental study in the rabbit. J Laryngol Otol 115, 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1258/0022215011907848

10. Ricci, F., Mersanne, A., Storti, M., Nutini, M., Pellicelli, G., Carini, A., Milesi, I., Lombardini, M., Dellacà, R.L., Thomson, M.A., Murgia, X., Lavizzari, A., Bianco, F., Salomone, F., 2022. Preclinical Assessment of Nebulized Surfactant Delivered through Neonatal High Flow Nasal Cannula Respiratory Support. Pharmaceutics 14, 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051093

11. Stehlin, C.S., Schare, B.L., 1980. Systemic and pulmonary changes in rabbits exposed to long-term nebulization of various therapeutic agents. Heart Lung 9, 311–315.

12. Wang, J., Bu, G., 2000. Influence of the nasal mucociliary system on intranasal drug administration. Chin Med J (Engl) 113, 647–649.

13. Wang, Q., Liu, Y., Zhu, Z., Hu, J., Li, L., Wang, S., 2020. A comparison of the delivery of inhaled drugs by jet nebulizer and vibrating mesh nebulizer using dual-source dual-energy computed tomography in rabbits: a preliminary in vivo study. Ann Transl Med 8, 1072. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-1584

Expert Opinion

1. 1317822* |  220719 Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.