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Pimobendan Pharmacology

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Clinical Particulars

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics

Pimobendan acts as a specific type III PDE inhibitor, causing positive inotropy, vasodilation, calcium sensitisation, and cardioprotection. It also has additional effects on cytokines and neurohormones and anti-platelet effects. In small animal medicine, it is regarded by most as the first-line positive ionotrope for managing cardiac disease. However, there are other potential applications.

Mechanism of Action

Pimobendan is a benzimidazole-pyridazone derivative and a novel cardiotonic vasodilator-inodilator producing both positive inotropic and vasodilatory effects. It sensitises the myocardium to calcium, producing a positive inotropic effect whilst improving myocardial oxygen economy. Pimobendan increases the calcium sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments and inhibits PDE3. This beta-adrenergic pathway is down-regulated in heart failure, so calcium sensitisation may be a more important mediator of increased contractility in dogs with heart failure than in normal dogs (Booth, 2011; Maddison, 2008; Plumb, 2024; SPC Data).


  1. Phosphodiesterase III inhibition: Results in increased cAMP and promotes calcium entry into myocytes. This triggers the additional calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and increases myocardial response. Phosphodiesterase III and V (PDE 3 & 5) inhibition also results in peripheral arterio- and venodilation.

  2. Calcium Sensitisation: Calcium sensitisation affects the interaction of calcium with the troponin C complex, increasing the extent of contraction for a given cytosolic calcium concentration without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption or energy requirement.

  3. Vasodilatory Action: Vasodilation occurs through inhibition of PDE3 activity. The PDE3-mediated vasodilatory effects are not down-regulated in heart failure in the same way, so the vasodilatory effects persist even in heart failure. Vasodilation extends to the venous and arterial systems and the systemic and pulmonary circulation (SPC Data; PubChem, 2024).

Summary of Applications

Cardiology (Mammalian)

Chronic Cardiac Disease; CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

  • Positive Inotrope: Positive inotropes increase the strength of myocardial contraction (contractility) (Booth, 2011; Maddison, 2008; Plumb, 2024; SPC Data). Typical examples include mitral valve insufficiency (MMVD), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and systolic dysfunction: Primary myocardial disease or chronic volume loading (Booth, 2011; Maddison, 2008; Plumb, 2024). These conditions are explored in depth within specific dosing recommendations

  • Vasodilator: Pimobendan has systemic and pulmonary vasodilatory effects and, in theory, may help reduce pulmonary hypertension (PH). Pimobendan is a suggested treatment for PH (Atkinson et al., 2009; Caivano et al., 2018; den Toom et al., 2016, 2018; Murphy et al., 2017; Suzuki et al., 2011), but evidence of benefit is absent (Reinero et al., 2020).

  • Anti-Platelet Effects:  Potent platelet aggregation inhibition and thrombosis risk reduction in dogs and humans, however, pimobendan was not associated with measurable inhibition of platelet function when administered orally to healthy adult cats at 2 clinically relevant dosages (Booth, 2011; Maddison, 2008; Plumb, 2024; R et al., 2023; Shipley et al., 2013; SPC Data 2024).

  • Cytokines & Neurohormones: Pimobendan administration reduces neurohormonal activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Booth, 2011; Maddison, 2008; Plumb, 2024; SPC Data).

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

  • In humans and dogs, oral bioavailability is close to 60% to 65%. In dogs, following a single oral administration of 0.25 mg/kg, Pimobendan peak levels of the parent compound and the active metabolite were observed 1–4 hours post-dose (mean: 2 and 3 hours, respectively). Food decreased the bioavailability of an aqueous solution of Pimobendan, but the effect of food on the absorption of Pimobendan from chewable tablets is unknown (Beaufrère & Pariaut R 2009; SPC Data).

Distribution

  • Pimobendan's steady-state distribution volume is 2.6 L/kg. The protein binding of Pimobendan and the active metabolite in dog plasma is >90% (SPC Data).

Biotransformation

  • Hepatic Metabolism: Pimobendan is well absorbed after oral administration and is metabolised in the liver. Pimobendan is oxidatively demethylated to the O-dimethyl pharmacologically active metabolite and then conjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid (SPC Data; PubChem, 2024).

Elimination

  • Faecal: Pimobendan is primarily excreted in faeces through bile (SPC Data; PubChem, 2024).

Pharmacokinetics

Precautions

Adverse Effects

  • Tachycardia or Arrhythmia: A slight positive-chronotropic effect (rise in heart rate) and vomiting can occur in rare cases. These effects are dose-dependent in dogs and can be avoided by reducing the dose (Canine Data from SPC).

  • GIT Distress: In rare canine cases, transient diarrhoea, anorexia or lethargy have been observed.  These dose-dependent effects are best avoided through dose reduction (Canine Data from SPC).

  • Hemostasis: Although a relationship with pimobendan has not been established, in very rare canine cases, signs of effects on primary haemostasis (petechiae on mucous membranes, subcutaneous haemorrhages) may be observed during treatment. These signs disappear when the treatment is withdrawn (Canine Data from SPC).

  • Outflow Obstruction: Pimobendan is not recommended for asymptomatic MMVD and should not be used for outflow tract obstruction.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity: Avoid use in known hypersensitivity to the agent or any of its excipients

  • Outflow Compromise: e.g. aortic or pulmonary valve stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (Canine Data from SPC).

  • Uncontrolled Arrhythmias: Other treatments are likely more beneficial (Canine Data from SPC).

  • Hepatic Impairment: Consider suitability, as Pimobendan is metabolised mainly via the live (Canine Data from SPC).

Reproductive Safety

  • Pregnancy: There is no evidence of teratogenic or foetotoxic effects. Use only according to the benefit/risk assessment (Canine Data from SPC).

  • Lactation: Pimobendan is excreted into milk. Use only according to the benefit/risk assessment (SPC data).

  • Male Fertility: Pimobendan has not been evaluated in dogs used for breeding (SPC data).

  • Female Fertility: Pimobendan has not been evaluated in dogs used for breeding (SPC data).

  • Neonates: No data located.

Interactions

  • β Blockers: e.g. Propranolol reduced the action of Pimobendan

  • Calcium Channel Blockers: e.g. Verapamil reduced the action of Pimobendan

  • Food: As the bioavailability of Pimobendan is considerably reduced when administered with or shortly after food, it is recommended that animals are treated approximately 1 hour before feeding.

Overdose

  • Prevalence: Unknown

  • Mechanism: the mechanism of toxicity is related to the mechanism of action already described.

  • Acute Presenting Signs: A positive chronotropic effect, vomiting, apathy, ataxia, heart murmurs, or hypotension are possible  (SPC data). RChronic Presenting Signs: Mitral valve thickening and left ventricular hypertrophy have been observed in dogs administered 3-5X therapeutic dose range 3-5 months or more.

  • Response: Limit further administration. Initiate symptomatic treatment.

Precautions

Availability

Popular Veterinary Formulations

  • Tablets: 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg

  • Oral Solution: 1.5 mg/mL

  • Injectable Solution: 0.75 mg/mL

  • Combination Products: Typically also contain benazepril (in some countries).

UK SPC links

  1. Cardisan 1.25 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A013008 (accessed 12.22.23).

  2. Cardisan 2.5 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A013007 (accessed 12.22.23).

  3. Cardisan 5 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A013009 (accessed 12.22.23).

  4. Cardisan 10 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A013010 (accessed 12.22.23).

  5. Cardisan 15 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A013011 (accessed 12.22.23).

  6. Cardisure Flavoured 1.25 mg Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A011500 (accessed 12.22.23).

  7. Cardisure flavoured 2.5 mg Tablets For dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A008038 (accessed 12.22.23).

  8. Cardisure Flavoured 5 mg Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A008039 (accessed 12.22.23).

  9. Fortekor Plus 5mg/10mg Tablets [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009422 (accessed 12.22.23).

  10. Pimocard 1.25 mg Flavoured Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A008358 (accessed 12.22.23).

  11. Pimocard 2.5 mg Flavoured Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A008359 (accessed 12.22.23).

  12. Pimocard 10 mg Flavoured Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A008361 (accessed 12.22.23).

  13. Pimotab 1.25 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A010358 (accessed 12.22.23).

  14. Pimotab 2.5 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A010359 (accessed 12.22.23).

  15. Pimotab 5 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A010360 (accessed 12.22.23).

  16. Pimotab 10 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A010361 (accessed 12.22.23).

  17. Pimotab 15 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A010362 (accessed 12.22.23).

  18. Vetmedin 0.75 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A008883 (accessed 12.22.23).

  19. Vetmedin Chew 1.25 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009246 (accessed 12.22.23).

  20. Vetmedin Chew 2.5 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009247 (accessed 12.22.23).

  21. Vetmedin Chew 5 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009248 (accessed 12.22.23).

  22. Vetmedin Chew 10 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009249 (accessed 12.22.23).

  23. Zelys 1.25 mg Chewable Tablets for Dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009706 (accessed 12.22.23).

  24. Zelys 5 mg chewable tablets for dogs [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/productinformationdatabase/product/A009707 (accessed 12.22.23).

Availability

Identifiers

  • Description: A benzimidazole-pyridazone derivative

  • Systematic Name:  IUPAC Name - 3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyridazin-6-one (PubChem, 2024)

  • Formula: C19-H18-N4-O2 (PubChem, 2024)

  • Pharmacotherapeutic group: Cardiac stimulant (phosphodiesterase inhibitor).

  • ATC vet code: QC01CE90 pimobendan;  QC09BX90 benazepril and pimobendan (WHO, 2024)

Identifiers

Evidence-Base

Reference Management

Substance-Specific Evidence Review

  1. Ames, M.K., Atkins, C.E., Lantis, A.C., Werre, S.R., 2013. Effect of furosemide and high-dosage pimobendan administration on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs. Am J Vet Res 74, 1084–1090. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.8.1084

  2. Apple, S., Menciotti, G., Braz-Ruivo, L., Crosara, S., Häggström, J., Borgarelli, M., 2016. Effects of pimobendan on myocardial perfusion and pulmonary transit time in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease: a pilot study. Australian Veterinary Journal 94, 324–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12480

  3. Atkinson, K.J., Fine, D.M., Thombs, L.A., Gorelick, J.J., Durham, H.E., 2009. Evaluation of pimobendan and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 23, 1190–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0390.x

  4. Bell, E.T., Devi, J.L., Chiu, S., Zahra, P., Whittem, T., 2016. The pharmacokinetics of pimobendan enantiomers after oral and intravenous administration of racemate pimobendan formulations in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 39, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12235

  5. Boswood, A., Häggström, J., Gordon, S.G., Wess, G., Stepien, R.L., Oyama, M.A., Keene, B.W., Bonagura, J., MacDonald, K.A., Patteson, M., Smith, S., Fox, P.R., Sanderson, K., Woolley, R., Szatmári, V., Menaut, P., Church, W.M., O’Sullivan, M.L., Jaudon, J.-P., Kresken, J.-G., Rush, J., Barrett, K.A., Rosenthal, S.L., Saunders, A.B., Ljungvall, I., Deinert, M., Bomassi, E., Estrada, A.H., Fernandez Del Palacio, M.J., Moise, N.S., Abbott, J.A., Fujii, Y., Spier, A., Luethy, M.W., Santilli, R.A., Uechi, M., Tidholm, A., Watson, P., 2016. Effect of Pimobendan in Dogs with Preclinical Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease and Cardiomegaly: The EPIC Study-A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Vet Intern Med 30, 1765–1779. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14586

  6. Chetboul, V., Lefebvre, H.P., Sampedrano, C.C., Gouni, V., Saponaro, V., Serres, F., Concordet, D., Nicolle, A.P., Pouchelon, J.-L., 2007. Comparative adverse cardiac effects of pimobendan and benazepril monotherapy in dogs with mild degenerative mitral valve disease: a prospective, controlled, blinded, and randomized study. J Vet Intern Med 21, 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[742:caceop]2.0.co;2

  7. Fujino, K., Sperelakis, N., Solaro, R.J., 1988. Sensitization of dog and guinea pig heart myofilaments to Ca2+ activation and the inotropic effect of pimobendan: comparison with milrinone. Circ Res 63, 911–922. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.63.5.911

  8. Fukutomi, T., Satoh, K., Ogoshi, S., Ichihara, K., 2000. Effects of pimobendan and EGIS 9377, cardiotonic agents, and OG-VI, a nucleoside-nucleotide mixture, administered during reperfusion after ischemia on stunned myocardium in dogs. Coron Artery Dis 11, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019501-200002000-00014

  9. Fusellier, M., Desfontis, J.-C., Le Roux, A., Madec, S., Gautier, F., Thuleau, A., Gogny, M., 2008. Effect of short-term treatment with meloxicam and pimobendan on the renal function in healthy beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31, 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00934.x

  10. Goto, Y., Hata, K., 1997. Mechanoenergetic effect of pimobendan in failing dog hearts. Heart Vessels Suppl 12, 103–105.

  11. Hamabe, L., Kawamura, K., Kim, S.-M., Yoshiyuki, R., Fukayama, T., Shimizu, M., Fukushima, R., Tanaka, R., 2014. Comparative evaluation of calcium-sensitizing agents, pimobendan and SCH00013, on the myocardial function of canine pacing-induced model of heart failure. J Pharmacol Sci 124, 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.13196fp

  12. Hata, K., Goto, Y., Futaki, S., Ohgoshi, Y., Yaku, H., Kawaguchi, O., Takasago, T., Saeki, A., Taylor, T.W., Nishioka, T., 1992. Mechanoenergetic effects of pimobendan in canine left ventricles. Comparison with dobutamine. Circulation 86, 1291–1301. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.86.4.1291

  13. Helms, S.R., Fox, S., Mixon, W., Vail, J., 2012. Compounded pimobendan for canine chronic degenerative mitral valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. Int J Pharm Compd 16, 34–41.

  14. Ichihara, K., Abiko, Y., 1991. The effect of pimobendan on myocardial mechanical function and metabolism in dogs: comparison with dobutamine. J Pharm Pharmacol 43, 583–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03541.x

  15. Iwanuk, N., Nolte, I., Wall, L., Sehn, M., Raue, J., Pilgram, A., Rumstedt, K., Bach, J.-P., 2019a. Effect of Pimobendan on NT-proBNP and c troponin I before and after a submaximal exercise test in dogs with preclinical mitral valve disease without cardiomegaly - a randomised, double-blinded trial. BMC Vet Res 15, 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1980-z

  16. Iwanuk, N., Wall, L., Nolte, I., Raue, J., Rumstedt, K., Pilgram, A., Sehn, M., Rohn, K., Bach, J.-P., 2019b. Effect of pimobendan on physical fitness, lactate and echocardiographic parameters in dogs with preclinical mitral valve disease without cardiomegaly. PLoS One 14, e0223164. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223164

  17. Kanno, N., Kuse, H., Kawasaki, M., Hara, A., Kano, R., Sasaki, Y., 2007. Effects of pimobendan for mitral valve regurgitation in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 69, 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.373

  18. Lombard, C.W., Jöns, O., Bussadori, C.M., 2006. Clinical efficacy of pimobendan versus benazepril for the treatment of acquired atrioventricular valvular disease in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42, 249–261. https://doi.org/10.5326/0420249

  19. O’Grady, M.R., Minors, S.L., O’Sullivan, M.L., Horne, R., 2008. Effect of pimobendan on case fatality rate in Doberman Pinschers with congestive heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 22, 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0116.x

  20. Pagel, P.S., Hettrick, D.A., Warltier, D.C., 1996. Comparison of the effects of levosimendan, pimobendan, and milrinone on canine left ventricular-arterial coupling and mechanical efficiency. Basic Res Cardiol 91, 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789302

  21. Sayer, M.B., Atkins, C.E., Fujii, Y., Adams, A.K., DeFrancesco, T.C., Keene, B.W., 2009. Acute effect of pimobendan and furosemide on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 23, 1003–1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0367.x

  22. Schneider, P., Güttner, J., Eckenfels, A., Heinzel, G., von Nicolai, H., Trieb, G., Lehmann, H., 1997. Comparative cardiac toxicity of the i.v. administered benzimidazole pyridazinon derivative Pimobendan and its enantiomers in female Beagle dogs. Exp Toxicol Pathol 49, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0940-2993(97)80013-9

  23. Shipley, E.A., Hogan, D.F., Fiakpui, N.N., Magee, A.N., Green, H.W., Sederquist, K.A., 2013. In vitro effect of pimobendan on platelet aggregation in dogs. Am J Vet Res 74, 403–407. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.3.403

  24. Summerfield, N. j., Boswood, A., O’Grady, M. r., Gordon, S. g., Dukes-McEwan, J., Oyama, M. a., Smith, S., Patteson, M., French, A. t., Culshaw, G. j., Braz-Ruivo, L., Estrada, A., O’Sullivan, M. l., Loureiro, J., Willis, R., Watson, P., 2012. Efficacy of Pimobendan in the Prevention of Congestive Heart Failure or Sudden Death in Doberman Pinschers with Preclinical Dilated Cardiomyopathy (The PROTECT Study). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 26, 1337–1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01026.x

  25. Suzuki, S., Fukushima, R., Ishikawa, T., Hamabe, L., Aytemiz, D., Huai-Che, H., Nakao, S., Machida, N., Tanaka, R., 2011. The Effect of Pimobendan on Left Atrial Pressure in Dogs with Mitral Valve Regurgitation. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25, 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00800.x

  26. Takahashi, R., Endoh, M., 2001. Increase in myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity induced by UD-CG 212 Cl, an active metabolite of pimobendan, in canine ventricular myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 37, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200102000-00008

  27. Takahashi, R., Shimazaki, Y., Endoh, M., 2001. Decrease in Ca(2+)-sensitizing effect of UD-CG 212 Cl, a metabolite of pimobendan, under acidotic condition in canine ventricular myocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298, 1060–1066.

  28. Tjostheim, S.S., Kellihan, H.B., Grint, K.A., Stepien, R.L., 2019. Effect of sildenafil and pimobendan on intracardiac heartworm infections in four dogs. J Vet Cardiol 23, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2019.02.001

  29. Tokuriki, T., Miyagawa, Y., Takemura, N., 2015. Overdose Ingestion of Pimobendan in a Dog. 動物の循環器 48, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.11276/jsvc.48.21

  30. van Meel, J.C., Entzeroth, M., Redemann, N., Haigh, R.M., 1995. Effects of pimobendan and its metabolite on myofibrillar calcium responsiveness and ATPase activity in the presence of inorganic phosphate. Arzneimittelforschung 45, 136–141.

  31. Yata, M., McLachlan, A.J., Foster, D.J.R., Page, S.W., Beijerink, N.J., 2016. Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects following a single oral administration of a nonaqueous pimobendan solution in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 39, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12243

Additional Material Consulted

  1. Booth, D., 2011. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics - 2nd Edition [WWW Document]. URL https://shop.elsevier.com/books/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/boothe/978-0-7216-0555-5 (accessed 1.24.24).

  2. Maddison, G., 2008. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: 2nd edition | Edited by Jill E. Maddison | ISBN: 9780702037252 [WWW Document]. Elsevier Asia Bookstore. URL https://www.asia.elsevierhealth.com/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-e-book-9780702037252.html (accessed 1.23.24).

  3. Plumb, 2024. Pimobendan [WWW Document]. URL https://app.plumbs.com/drug/GRsXwRfMyEPROD?source=search&searchQuery=pimobend (accessed 1.24.24).

  4. PubChem, 2024. Pimobendan [WWW Document]. URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4823 (accessed 2.25.24).

  5. WHO, 2024. Pimobendan WHOCC - ATCvet Index [WWW Document]. URL https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/ (accessed 2.25.24).

Expert Opinion

  • McArthur, S. (2024) Extrapolating pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Additional material in collating the data displayed is expert opinion derived from clinical experience or reputable texts.

Consensus Team

  • Monograph Authors: S McArthur; - (last updated 20/03/2024)

  • Monograph Editors: -

Monograph Contact

  • Permissions: For permissions and further information about the Veterinary Consensus Initiative (VCI), please get in touch with us via Stuart McArthur B Vet Med MRCVS; Email: stuart.mcarthur717@gmail.com

Evidence
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