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Ketamine

Grade

Analgesia

Perioperative Analgesia | CRI  

A perioperative ketamine CRI has been shown to reduce rabbit anaesthetic requirements and provide additional analgesia in ASA 1-2 patients.


  • Loading dose: 1–5 mg/kg 

  • Perioperative rate: 1–2.5 mg/kg/h 

  • Postoperative rate: 0.25–1 mg/kg/h

Therapeutics

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Evidence

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  1. Avsaroglu, H., van Zutphen, L.F.M., van Lith, H.A., Versluis, A., Hellebrekers, L.J., Haberham, Z.L., 2003. Strain differences in response to propofol, ketamine and medetomidine in rabbits. Veterinary Record 152, 300–300. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.10.300

  2. Baumgartner, C., Bollerhey, M., Ebner, J., Laacke-Singer, L., Schuster, T., Erhardt, W., 2010. Effects of ketamine-xylazine intravenous bolus injection on cardiovascular function in rabbits. Can J Vet Res 74, 200–208.

  3. Bellini, L., Banzato, T., Contiero, B., Zotti, A., 2014. Evaluation of sedation and clinical effects of midazolam with ketamine or dexmedetomidine in pet rabbits. Vet Rec 175, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102595

  4. Cruz, F.S., Carregaro, A.B., Raiser, A.G., Zimmerman, M., Lukarsewski, R., Steffen, R.P., 2010. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and S(+)-ketamine in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 37, 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00513.x

  5. Difilippo, S.M., Norberg, P.J., Suson, U.D., Savino, A.M., Reim, D.A., 2004. A comparison of xylazine and medetomidine in an anesthetic combination in New Zealand White Rabbits. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43, 32–34.

  6. Felzemburgh, V.A., Cettolin, Q. da C., Machado, K.M., Campos, J.H.O., 2012. Comparison between the anesthetic induction times in the first and second surgery in rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 27, 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502012000700009

  7. Gardhouse, S., Sanchez, A., 2022. Rabbit Sedation and Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25, 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.012

  8. Ghaffari, M.S., Moghaddassi, A.P., 2010. Effects of ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-acepromazine combinations on intraocular pressure in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 37, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00531.x

  9. Gil, A.G., Silvan, G., Illera, M., Illera, J.C., 2004. The effects of anesthesia on the clinical chemistry of New Zealand White rabbits. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43, 25–29.

  10. González-Gil, A., Picazo, R.A., de Bruyn, P., Illera, J.C., 2018. Corticoadrenal and Cardiorespiratory Responses to Administration of Propofol Combined with Dexmedetomidine or Ketamine in Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 57, 278–281.

  11. González-Gil, A., Villa, A., Millán, P., Martínez-Fernández, L., Illera, J.C., 2015. Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine with and without Buprenorphine on Corticoadrenal Function in Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 54, 299–303.

  12. Grint, N.J., Murison, P.J., 2008. A comparison of ketamine–midazolam and ketamine–medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 35, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00362.x

  13. Grint, N.J., Murison, P.J., 2007. Peri-operative body temperatures in isoflurane-anaesthetized rabbits following ketamine-midazolam or ketamine-medetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 34, 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00319.x

  14. Henke, J., Astner, S., Brill, T., Eissner, B., Busch, R., Erhardt, W., 2005. Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine/ketamine, medetomidine/fentanyl/midazolam and xylazine/ketamine) in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 32, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00242.x

  15. Holve, D.L., Gum, G.G., Pritt, S.L., 2013. Effect of sedation with xylazine and ketamine on intraocular pressure in New Zealand white rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 52, 488–490.

  16. Kim, M.S., Jeong, S.M., Park, J.H., Nam, T.C., Seo, K.M., 2004. Reversal of medetomidine-ketamine combination anesthesia in rabbits by atipamezole. Exp Anim 53, 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.53.423

  17. Knutson, K.A., Petritz, O.A., Thomson, A.E., Balko, J.A., 2022. Intramuscular Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Compared with Ketamine-Butorphanol- Midazolam in New Zealand White Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 61, 475–481. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-22-000038

  18. Liu, L., Wei, Z.-W., Jia, J., Wang, Y.-J., 2010. [Toxicokinetics of ketamine in rabbits]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 26, 357–360.

  19. Luca, G.C., Barter, L.S., Pypendop, B.H., 2020. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine following a short intravenous infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Anaesth Analg 47, 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2020.02.002

  20. Murphy, K.L., Roughan, J.V., Baxter, M.G., Flecknell, P.A., 2010. Anaesthesia with a combination of ketamine and medetomidine in the rabbit: effect of premedication with buprenorphine. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 37, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00525.x

  21. Oguntoye, C.O., Oyewande, O.A., Afolabi, O.O., 2018. Evaluation of Tramadol-Midazolam-Ketamine Anaesthesia in Rabbits. Niger J Physiol Sci 33, 145–149.

  22. Orr, H.E., Roughan, J.V., Flecknell, P.A., 2005. Assessment of ketamine and medetomidine anaesthesia in the domestic rabbit. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 32, 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00211.x

  23. Raillard, M., Detotto, C., Grepper, S., Beslac, O., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Schaller, B., Saulacic, N., 2019. Anaesthetic and Perioperative Management of 14 Male New Zealand White Rabbits for Calvarial Bone Surgery. Animals (Basel) 9, E896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110896

  24. Reichert, P., Rutowski, R., Kielbowicz, Z., Kuryszko, J., Kielbowicz, M., 2013. General intravenous anesthesia for brachial plexus surgery in the rabbit. Pol J Vet Sci 16, 755–756. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0108

  25. Santos, M., Viñuela, A., Vela, A.A., Tendillo, F.J., 2016. Single-syringe ketamine-propofol for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 43, 561–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12345

  26. Sayce, L.J., Powell, M.E., Kimball, E.E., Chen, P., Gartling, G.J., Rousseau, B., 2020. Continuous Rate Infusion of Ketamine Hydrochloride and Dexmedetomidine for Maintenance of Anesthesia during Laryngotracheal Surgery in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 59, 176–185. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000076

  27. Uzun, M., Kiraz, H.A., Ovali, M.A., Sahin, H., Erbas, M., Toman, H., 2015. The investigation of airway management capacity of v-gel and cobra-PLA in anaesthetised rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 30, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502015001000011

  28. Weiland, L.C., Kluge, K., Kutter, A.P.N., Kronen, P.W., 2017. Clinical evaluation of intranasal medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-S(+)-ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits in two centres with two different administration techniques. Vet Anaesth Analg 44, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12408

  29. Williams, A.M., Wyatt, J.D., 2007. Comparison of subcutaneous and intramuscular ketamine-medetomidine with and without reversal by atipamezole in Dutch belted rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 46, 16–20.

Expert Opinion

  1. 1317822* |  220805 Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.

Monograph Details

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