Rabbit Buprenorphine Evidence Base

Andrews, D.D., Fajt, V.R., Baker, K.C., Blair, R.V., Jones, S.H., Dobek, G.L., 2020. A Comparison of Buprenorphine, Sustained release Buprenorphine, and High concentration Buprenorphine in Male New Zealand White Rabbits. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 59, 546–556. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000132
Barter, L.S., 2011. Rabbit analgesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 14, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.003
Bays, T.B., 2020. Geriatric Care of Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Geriatrics 23, 567–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2020.05.006
Benato, L., Murrell, J., Blackwell, E., Saunders, R., Rooney, N., 2020. Pain and analgesia in pet rabbits: a survey of the attitude of veterinary nurses. J Small Anim Pract 61, 576–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13186
Benato, Livia, Murrell, J.C., Blackwell, E.J., Saunders, R., Rooney, N., 2020. Analgesia in pet rabbits: a survey study on how pain is assessed and ameliorated by veterinary surgeons. Vet. Rec. 186, 603. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105071
Bradley, M.P., Doerning, C.M., Nowland, M.H., Pasloske, K., Lester, P.A., 2022. Evaluation of alfaxalone total intravenous anesthesia in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) premedicated with dexmedetomidine or dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 49, 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.01.006
Cooper, C.S., Metcalf-Pate, K.A., Barat, C.E., Cook, J.A., Scorpio, D.G., 2009. Comparison of Side Effects between Buprenorphine and Meloxicam Used Postoperatively in Dutch Belted Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 48, 279–285.
Cowan, A., Lewis, J. w., Macfarlane, I. r., 1977. Agonist and Antagonist Properties of Buprenorphine, a New Antinociceptive Agent. British Journal of Pharmacology 60, 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07532.x
d’Ovidio, D., Adami, C., 2021. Neuropraxia after infraorbital nerve block in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 48, 817–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.009
Deflers, H., Gandar, F., Bolen, G., Farnir, F., Marlier, D., 2018. Influence of a single dose of buprenorphine on rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) gastrointestinal motility. Vet Anaesth Analg 45, 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2018.01.011
Difilippo, S.M., Norberg, P.J., Suson, U.D., Savino, A.M., Reim, D.A., 2004. A comparison of xylazine and medetomidine in an anesthetic combination in New Zealand White Rabbits. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43, 32–34.
DiVincenti, L., Meirelles, L.A.D., Westcott, R.A., 2016. Safety and clinical effectiveness of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in New Zealand White rabbits. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 248, 795–801. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.248.7.795
Edis, A., Pelligand, L., Baldrey, V., Hedley, J., 2022. Effect of theatre temperature on body temperature during anaesthesia for routine neutering of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 49, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.019
Flecknell, P.A., Liles, J.H., 1990. Assessment of the analgesic action of opioid agonist-antagonists in the rabbit. Journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 17, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1990.tb00384.x
Flenghi, L., Bernhard, C., Levrier, C., Bulliot, C., 2021. Rectal prolapse in two rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) with rectal neoplasia. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 39, 64–67. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.08.003
Furuki, I., 1997. [Diffusion of bupivacaine into the intercostal muscle following interpleural analgesia]. Masui 46, 1299–1304.
Gardhouse, S., Sanchez, A., 2022. Rabbit Sedation and Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Sedation and Anesthesia of Zoological Companion Animals 25, 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.012
González-Gil, A., Villa, A., Millán, P., Martínez-Fernández, L., Illera, J.C., 2015. Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine with and without Buprenorphine on Corticoadrenal Function in Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 54, 299–303.
Grint, N.J., Murison, P.J., 2008. A comparison of ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 35, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00362.x
Haddad Pinho, R., Luna, S.P.L., Esteves Trindade, P.H., Augusto Justo, A., Santilli Cima, D., Werneck Fonseca, M., Watanabe Minto, B., Del Lama Rocha, F., Miller, A., Flecknell, P., Leach, M.C., 2022. Validation of the rabbit pain behaviour scale (RPBS) to assess acute postoperative pain in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). PLoS One 17, e0268973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268973
Hedenqvist, P., Roughan, J., Orr, H., Antunes, L.M., 2001. Assessment of ketamine/medetomidine anaesthesia in the New Zealand White rabbit. Vet Anaesth Analg 28, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2995.2001.00019.x
Hedenqvist, P., Trbakovic, A., Thor, A., Ley, C., Ekman, S., Jensen-Waern, M., 2016. Carprofen neither reduces postoperative facial expression scores in rabbits treated with buprenorphine nor alters long term bone formation after maxillary sinus grafting. Research in Veterinary Science 107, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.05.010
Henke, J., Astner, S., Brill, T., Eissner, B., Busch, R., Erhardt, W., 2005. Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine/ketamine, medetomidine/fentanyl/midazolam and xylazine/ketamine) in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 32, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00242.x
Hoffmann, J.N., Steinhagen, S., Kast, C., Scheuber, H.P., Jochum, M., Gippner-Steppert, C., Inthorn, D., Schildberg, F.W., Nolte, D., 2002. Chronic left heart catheterization for microvascular blood flow determination in the rabbit: a minimally invasive technique using specially designed port devices. J Surg Res 102, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsre.2001.6280
Hubbell, J.A., Muir, W.W., 1996. Evaluation of a survey of the diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine on use of analgesic agents in animals used in biomedical research. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209, 918–921.
Kim, M.S., Jeong, S.M., Park, J.H., Nam, T.C., Seo, K.M., 2004. Reversal of medetomidine-ketamine combination anesthesia in rabbits by atipamezole. Exp Anim 53, 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.53.423
Leach, M.C., Allweiler, S., Richardson, C., Roughan, J.V., Narbe, R., Flecknell, P.A., 2009. Behavioural effects of ovariohysterectomy and oral administration of meloxicam in laboratory housed rabbits. Research in Veterinary Science 87, 336–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.02.001
Lichtenberger, M., Ko, J., 2007. Anesthesia and Analgesia for Small Mammals and Birds. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Emergency and Critical Care 10, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2006.12.002
Liles, J.H., Flecknell, P.A., 1994. A comparison of the effects of buprenorphine, carprofen and flunixin following laparotomy in rats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17, 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00247.x
Luo, M., Yun, X., Chen, C., Bao, N., Feng, X., Pan, L., Jin, Z., Wu, C., Wang, X., Papadimos, T.J., Xu, X., 2016. Giving Priority to Lipid Administration Can Reduce Lung Injury Caused by Epinephrine in Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiac Depression. Reg Anesth Pain Med 41, 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0000000000000424
Martin-Flores, M., Singh, B., Walsh, C.A., Brooks, E.P., Taylor, L., Mitchell, L.M., 2017. Effects of Buprenorphine, Methylnaltrexone, and Their Combination on Gastrointestinal Transit in Healthy New Zealand White Rabbits. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 56, 155–159.
Murphy, K.L., Roughan, J.V., Baxter, M.G., Flecknell, P.A., 2010. Anaesthesia with a combination of ketamine and medetomidine in the rabbit: effect of premedication with buprenorphine. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 37, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00525.x
Palmer, A., Wu, C.C., Miwa, Y., Turek, M., Sladky, K.K., 2021. Outcomes and survival times of client-owned rabbits diagnosed with thymoma and treated with either prednisolone or radiotherapy, or left untreated. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 38, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.04.008
Raillard, M., Detotto, C., Grepper, S., Beslac, O., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Schaller, B., Saulacic, N., 2019. Anaesthetic and Perioperative Management of 14 Male New Zealand White Rabbits for Calvarial Bone Surgery. Animals (Basel) 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110896
Raillard, M., Michaut-Castrillo, J., Spreux, D., Gauthier, O., Touzot-Jourde, G., Holopherne-Doran, D., 2017. Comparison of medetomidine—morphine and medetomidine—methadone for sedation, isoflurane requirement and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing laparoscopy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12394
Robinson, A.J., Müller, W.J., Braid, A.L., Kerr, P.J., 2016. The effect of buprenorphine on the course of disease in laboratory rabbits infected with myxoma virus: Laboratory Animals. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367799780578129
Rockwell, K., 2019. Buprenorphine. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 30, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2018.10.002
Sabater, M., Mancinelli, E., Denk, D., 2021. Renal embryonal nephroma exhibiting malignant features in a Dutch rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 37, 18–21. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.01.001
Sakuraba, S., Tsujita, M., Arisaka, H., Takeda, J., Yoshida, K., Kuwana, S.-I., 2009. Donepezil reverses buprenorphine-induced central respiratory depression in anesthetized rabbits. Biol Res 42, 469–475. https://doi.org//S0716-97602009000400008
Schnellbacher, R.W., Divers, S.J., Comolli, J.R., Beaufrère, H., Maglaras, C.H., Andrade, N., Barbur, L.A., Rosselli, D.D., Stejskal, M., Barletta, M., Mayer, J., Rodriguez, P., Quandt, J.E., 2017. Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine and buprenorphine on gastrointestinal tract motility and signs of pain in New Zealand White rabbits after ovariohysterectomy. Am. J. Vet. Res. 78, 1359–1371. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1359
Schroeder, C.A., Smith, L.J., 2011. Respiratory Rates and Arterial Blood Gas Tensions in Healthy Rabbits Given Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Midazolam, or Their Combinations. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 50, 205–211.
Shafford, H.L., Schadt, J.C., 2008. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of buprenorphine in conscious rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 35, 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00383.x
Tikhomirov, M., Antończyk, A., Śniegocki, T., Jajor, P., Świtała, M., Skrzypczak, P., Kiełbowicz, Z., Posyniak, A., Pelligand, L., Pozniak, B., 2021. Intravenous lipid emulsion as a treatment in buprenorphine overdose - pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation in the rabbit model. Toxicology Letters 350, S81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(21)00436-7
Vieu, S., Dekerle, B., Monge, E., Raymond, P., Vial, J., Maurice, E., 2022. Surgical treatment of a shoulder joint luxation combined to a Salter-Harris type I fracture of the proximal humerus in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2022.07.003
Weaver, L.A., Blaze, C.A., Linder, D.E., Andrutis, K.A., Karas, A.Z., 2010. A Model for Clinical Evaluation of Perioperative Analgesia in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 49, 845–851.
Wenger, S., 2012. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rabbits and Rodents. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Clinical Anesthesia and Analgesia 21, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010
Wootton, R., Cross, G., Wood, S., West, C.D., 1988. An analgesiometry system for use in rabbits with some preliminary data on the effects of buprenorphine and lofentanil. Lab. Anim. 22, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367788780746395

Expert Opinion

1317822 | 221109 Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.

Last Update by 1317822 | on 221109

Buprenorphine

Opiate Analgesia

Acepromazine with Buprenorphine

Alfaxalone with Buprenorphine

Dexmedetomidine with Buprenorphine

Ketamine with Buprenorphine

Medetomidine with Buprenorphine

Midazolam with Buprenorphine

Propofol with Buprenorphine

Xylazine with Buprenorphine

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